Process Control Systems

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PART UNDERSTANDING FEEDBACK CONTROL
1. Dynamic Elements in the Control Loop 3
Negative Feedback 4
The Difficult Element-Dead Time 6
The Easy Element-Capacity 18
Combinations of Dead Time and Capacity 31
Summary 35
Problems 35
2. Characteristics of Real Processes 37
Multicapacity Processes 38
Gain and Its Dependence 44
Testing the Plant 55
References 59
Problems 59
3. Analysis of Some Common LOOPS 61
Flow Control 62
Pressure Regulation 67
Liquid Level and Hydraulic Resonance 71
Temperature Control 74
Control of Composition 80
Conclusions 86
References 87
Problems 87
PART SELECTING THE FEEDBACK CONTROLLER
4 . Linear Controllers 91
Performance Criteria 92
Two- and Three-mode Controllers 95
Complementary Feedback 1 0 3
Interrupting the Control Loop 110
Direct Digital Control 118
References 122
Problems 123
5 . Nonlinear Control Elements 124
Nonlinear Elements in the. Closed Loop 1 2 5
Nonlinear Dynamic Elements 128
Variations of the On-off Controller 131
The Dual-mode Concept 136
Nonlinear Two-mode Controllers 144
Problems 149
PART MULTIPLE-LOOP SYSTEMS
6. Improved Control through Multiple Loops 153
Cascade Control 154
Ratio Control Systems 160
Selective Control Loops 167
Adaptive Control Systems 170
Summary 179
References 180
Problems 180
Contents - I xiii
7 . Multivariable Process Control 181
Choosing Controlled Variables 182
Pairing Controlled and Manipulated Variables 1 8 8
Decoupling Control Systems 198
Summary 202
References 202
Problems 203
8 . Feedforward Control 204
The Control System as a Model of the Process 206?
Applying Dynamic Compensation 211
Adding Feedback 219
Economic Considerations 224
Summary 227
References 228
Problems 228
APPLICATIONS
9 . Control of Energy Transfer 233
Heat Transfer 23.4
Combustion Control 241
Steam-plant Control Systems 243
Pumps and Compressors 250
References 256
Problems 256
1 0 . Controlling Chemical Reactions 257
Principles Governing the Conduct of Reactions 2 6 8
Continuous Reactors 269
pH Control 275
Batch Reactors 282
References 286
Problems 286
Il. Distillation 288
Factors Affecting Product Quality 289
Arranging the Control Loops 2 9 5
Applying Feedforward Control 307
Batch Distillation 3 1 9
Summary 323
References 323
Problems 324
x i v I Contents
1 2 . Other Mass Transfer Operations 325
Absorption and Humidification 326
Evaporation and Crystallization 332
Extraction and Extractive Distillation 338
Drying Operations 343
Summary 346
References 347
Problems 347

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